Articles

Scroll down to see all conditions, or select one below:

Autism
Cerebral Palsy
Comparative Mortality (Placement Of The Developmentally Disabled)
Down Syndrome
Epilepsy
Spinal Cord Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury and Hypoxic/Anoxic Brain Injury
Vegetative State, Minimally Conscious State, and Locked-In Syndrome
Liver Transplantation
Other Medical Conditions and Topics
Discounted Cost Of Future Care (Present Value Of Future Medicals)

Cerebral Palsy

Walz L, Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (2023). Severe cerebral palsy survival is similar in California, USA and Victoria, Australia. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 65(11):1532-1533. doi:10.1111/dmcn.15616

Hinwood GL, Loftus H, Shepherd DA, Guzys A, Reddihough DS, Reid SM (2022). Survival of individuals with cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia: A longitudinal cohort study spanning four decades. Dev Med Child Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15420.

Brooks JC, Campbell RDD, Whittaker GA (2021). Survival of South African children with cerebral palsy. South African Medical Journal, 111(6):591-594.

Blair E, Langdon K, McIntyre S, Lawrence D, Watson L (2019). Survival and mortality in cerebral palsy: Observations to the sixth decade from a data linkage study of a total population register and National Death Index. BMC Neurology, 19:111. Published 2019 Jun 4. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1343-1.

Nelson KE, Rosella LC, Mahant S, Cohen E, Guttmann A (2019). Survival and health care use after feeding tube placement in children with neurologic impairment. Pediatrics, 2019 Jan 24. pii: e20182863. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2863.

Wright CM, Reynolds L, Ingram E, Cole TJ, Brooks J (2017). Validation of US cerebral palsy growth charts using a UK cohort. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 59:933-938.

Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Tran LM, Rosenbloom L, Wu YW (2014). Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. Part I: period and cohort effects. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 56:1059-1064.

Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Tran LM, Rosenbloom L, Wu YW (2014). Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. Part II: Individual survival prognosis. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 56:1065-1071.

Touyama M, Touyama J, Ochiai Y, Toyokawa S, Kobayashi Y (2013). Long-term survival of children with cerebral palsy in Okinawa, Japan. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55:459-463.

Strauss DJ, Rosenbloom L, Shavelle RM, Brooks JC (2012). Improved survival in cerebral palsy in recent decades? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54:867. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04349.x. Epub 2012 Jul 19.

Reid SM, Carlin JB, Reddihough DS (2012). Survival of individuals with cerebral palsy born in Victoria, Australia, between 1970 and 2004. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54:353-360.

Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (2012). Survival in children with severe cerebral palsy: A further international comparison. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54:383-384. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04236.x.

Westbom L, Bergstrand L, Wagner P, Nordmark E (2011). Survival at 19 years of age in a total population of children and young people with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53:808-814.

Baird G, Allen E, Scrutton D, Knight A, McNee A, Will E, Elbourne D (2011). Mortality from 1 to 16-18 years in bilateral cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child, 96:1077-1181.

Brooks J, Day SM, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (2011). Low weight, morbidity, and mortality in children with cerebral palsy: New clinical growth charts. Pediatrics, 128:e299-307. Published online July 18, 2011 (10.1542/peds.2010-2801). All of the new growth charts are available here.

Stevenson RD, Conaway MR (2011). Weight and Mortality Rates: "Gomez Classification" for Children With Cerebral Palsy? Pediatrics 2011; 128:2 e436-e437. This is a commentary on the above article. It may be obtained from the journal or by e-mail request to the first author of the above article.

Shavelle R, Katz R, MacKenzie R, Rosenbloom L, DeVivo M, Hutton J, Strauss D, Day S, Brooks J (2011). Reply to article by Thomas and Barnes [Letter]. NeuroRehabilitation, 28: 161.

Day SM (2010). Improving growth charts for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy through evidence-based clinical practice [Commentary]. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,52:793, DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03733.x.

Krach LE, Kriel RL, Day SM, Strauss DJ (2009). Survival of individuals with cerebral palsy receiving continuous intrathecal baclofen treatment: A matched-cohort study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, Epub 7 October 2009, ahead of print. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03473.x.

Day SM, Brooks J, Strauss D, Shumway S, Shavelle RM, Kush S, Sasco AJ (2008). Cancer mortality in cerebral palsy in California, 1988-2002. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 7:427-434.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Rosenbloom L, Brooks JC (2008). Life expectancy in cerebral palsy: An update. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50:487-493.

Cohen A, Asor E, Tirosh E (2008). Predictive factors of early mortality in children with developmental disabilities: A case-comparison analysis. Journal of Child Neurology, 23:536-542.

Day SM, Wu YW, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Reynolds RJ (2007). Change in ambulatory ability of adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49:647-653. See also the commentary by Dr. Bernard Dan.

Day SM, Strauss DJ, Vachon PJ, Rosenbloom L, Shavelle RM, Wu YW (2007). Growth patterns in a population of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49:167-171. All of the growth charts are available here.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Reynolds RJ, Rosenbloom L, Day SM (2007). Survival in cerebral palsy in the last 20 years: Signs of improvement? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49:86-92.

Hutton JL, Pharoah POD (2006). Life expectancy in severe cerebral palsy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91:254-258.

Hemming K, Hutton JL, Pharoah PO (2006). Long-term survival for a cohort of adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48:90-95.

Hemming K, Hutton J, Colver A, Platt MJ (2005). Regional variation in survival of people with cerebral palsy in the United Kingdom. Pediatrics, 116:1383-1390.

Strauss D, Rosenbloom L, Day S, Shavelle R (2005). Cognitive function in tetraplegic cerebral palsy with severe motor dysfunction [letter]. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 47:562.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Day SM (2004). Letter to the editor re: Plioplys article. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 11:236.

Wu Y, Day SM, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (2004). Prognosis for ambulation in cerebral palsy: A population-based study. Pediatrics, 114:1264-1271.

Rosenbloom L (2004). Estimating life expectancy in children with neurological disabilities. Clinical Risk, 10:12-13.

Strauss DJ, Ojdana KA, Shavelle RM, Rosenbloom L (2004). Decline in function and life expectancy of older persons with cerebral palsy. NeuroRehabilitation, 19:69-78.

Tsirikos AI, Change WN, Dabney KW, Miller R, Glutting J (2003). Life expectancy in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent spinal fusion. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 45:677-682.

Katz RT (2003). Life expectancy for children with cerebral palsy and mental retardation: Implications for life care planning. NeuroRehabilitation, 18:261-270.

Nielsen JD, Uldall PV, Rasmussen S, Topp MW (2002). Survival of children born with cerebral palsy. Children born 1971-1986. Ugeskr Laeger, 164:5640-5643. [Article in Danish with English abstract at the end.]

Hutton JL, Pharoah POD (2002). Effects of cognitive, motor, and sensory disabilities on survival in cerebral palsy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 86:84-89. [Includes commentary by Dr. Lewis Rosenbloom.]

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (2001). Life expectancy in cerebral palsy [letter]. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 85:442.

Eyman RK, Grossman HJ (2001). Living with cerebral palsy and tube feeding [letter]. Journal of Pediatrics, 138:147.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Day SM (2001). Comparison of survival in cerebral palsy between countries [letter]. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 43:574.

Blair E, Watson L, Badawi N, Stanley FJ (2001). Life expectancy among people with cerebral palsy in Western Australia. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 43:508-515.

Hutton JL, Colver AF, Mackie PC (2000). Effect of severity of disability on survival in north east England cerebral palsy cohort. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 83:468-474.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (2000). Causes of excess mortality in cerebral palsy [response to letter by Maudsley and Pharoah]. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42:287-288.

Smith SW, Camfield C, Camfield P (1999). Living with cerebral palsy and tube feeding: A population-based follow-up study. Journal of Pediatrics, 135:307-310.

Strauss DJ, Cable W, Shavelle RM (1999). Causes of excess mortality in cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41:580-585.

Plioplys AV, Kasnicka I, Lewis S, Moller D (1998). Survival rates among children with severe neurologic disabilities. Southern Medical Journal, 91:161-172. See also our comments on the methodology used, and letter to the editor.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (1998). Survival estimates of severely disabled children [Letter]. Pediatric Neurology, 19:243-244.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Anderson TW (1998). Life expectancy of children with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Neurology, 18:143-149.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (1998). Life expectancy of adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 40:369-375.

Singer RB, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (1998). Comparative mortality in cerebral palsy patients in California, 1980-1996. Journal Of Insurance Medicine, 30:240-246.

Strauss DJ (1997). Life expectancies in children with cerebral palsy [letter]. Lancet, 349:283-284.

Crichton JU (1995). The life expectancy of persons with cerebral palsy [response to letter by DMB Hall; Dr. Hall's letter is included here]. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 37:1031-1033.

Hall DMB (1995). The life expectancy of persons with cerebral palsy [letter commenting on the 1995 article by Crichton et al.; response by Dr. Crichton included here]. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 37:1031-1033.

Crichton JU, Mackinnon M, White CP (1995). The life expectancy of persons with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 37:567-576.

Hutton JL, Cooke T, Pharoah POD (1994). Life expectancy in children with cerebral palsy. British Medical Journal, 309:431-435.

Evans PM, Evans SJW, Alberman E (1990). Cerebral palsy: Why we must plan for survival. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 65:1329-1333.

Vegetative State, Minimally Conscious State, and Locked-In Syndrome

Pagani M, Leonardi M, Covelli V, Giovannetti AM, Sattin D (2014). Risk factors for mortality in 600 patients in vegetative and minimally conscious states. Journal of Neurology, 261:1144-1152.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Katz RT (2008). Survival of persons with locked-in syndrome: A correction. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89:1005.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Day SM, Ojdana KA (2007). Life Expectancy. In: ND Zasler, DI Katz & RD Zafonte (Eds.), Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York: Demos Medical Publishing.

Ashwal S (2005). Recovery of consciousness and life expectancy of children in a vegetative state. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 15:190-197.

Ashwal S (2004). Pediatric vegetative state: Epidemiological and clinical issues. NeuroRehabilitation, 19:349-360.

Doble JE, Haig AJ, Anderson C, Katz R (2003). Impairment, activity, participation, life satisfaction, and survival in persons with locked-in syndrome for over a decade: Follow-up on a previously reported cohort. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 18:435-444.

Strauss DJ, Ashwal S, Day S, Shavelle RM (2000). Life expectancy of children in vegetative and minimally conscious states. Pediatric Neurology, 23:312-319.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Ashwal S (1999). Life expectancy and median survival time in the permanent vegetative state. Pediatric Neurology, 21:626-631.

Multi-Society Task Force on the Persistent Vegetative State (1995). Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state [correction letter]. New England Journal of Medicine, 130:333.

Multi-Society Task Force on the Persistent Vegetative State (1994). Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state, Part I. New England Journal of Medicine, 330:1499-1508.

Multi-Society Task Force on the Persistent Vegetative State (1994). Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state, Part II. New England Journal of Medicine, 330:1572-1579.

Traumatic Brain Injury and Hypoxic/Anoxic Brain Injury

Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL (2022). Life expectancy of 1-year survivors of traumatic brain injury, 1988-2019: Updated results from the TBI model systems. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 103:176-179.

Shavelle RM, Brooks JC, Strauss DJ (2018). An update on survival after anoxic brain injury in adolescents and young adults. Brain Injury, 32 (13-14).

Groswasser Z, Peled I (2017). Survival and mortality following TBI. Brain Injury, 32 (149-157).

Shavelle RM, Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Paculdo DR (2015). A note on survival after anoxic brain injury in adolescents and young adults. NeuroRehabilitation, 36:379-382.

Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL (2015). Long-term survival after traumatic brain injury. Part I: External validity of prognostic models. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96:994-999.

Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL (2015). Long-term survival after traumatic brain injury. Part II: Life expectancy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96:1000-1005.

Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Paculdo DR, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL (2013). Long-term disability and survival in traumatic brain injury: Results from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Model Systems. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94:2203-2209.

Baguley IJ, Nott MT, Howle AA, Simpson GK, Browne S, King AC, Cotter RE, Hodgkinson A (2012). Late mortality after severe traumatic brain injury in New South Wales: A multicentre study. Med J Aust, 196:40-45.

Harrison-Felix CL, Whiteneck GG, Jha A, DeVivo MJ, Hammond FM, Hart DM (2009). Mortality over four decades after traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A retrospective cohort study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90:1506-1513.

Baguley IJ, Nott MT, Slewa-Younan S (2008). Long-term mortality trends in functionally-dependent adults following severe traumatic-brain injury. Brain Injury, 22:919-925.

Colantonio AC, Escobar MD, Chipman M, McLellan B, Austin PC, Mirabella G, Ratcliff G (2008). Predictors of postacute mortality following traumatic brain injury in a seriously injured population. J Trauma, 64:876-882.

Cameron CM, Purdie DM, Kliewer EV, McClure RJ (2008). Ten-year outcomes following traumatic brain injury: A population-based cohort. Brain Injury, 22:437-449.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Day SM, Ojdana KA (2007). Life Expectancy. In: ND Zasler, DI Katz & RD Zafonte (Eds.), Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York: Demos Medical Publishing.

Ratcliff G, Colantonio A, Escobar M, Chase S, Vernich L (2005). Long-term survival following traumatic brain injury. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27:305-314.

Brown AW, Leibson CL, Malec JF, Perkins PK, Diehl NN, Larson DR (2004). Long-term survival after traumatic brain injury: A population-based analysis. NeuroRehabilitation, 19:37-43.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, DeVivo MJ, Harrison-Felix C, Whiteneck GG (2004). Life expectancy after traumatic brain injury [letter]. NeuroRehabilitation, 19:257-258.

Harrison-Felix C, Whiteneck G, DeVivo M, Hammond FM, Jha A (2004). Mortality following rehabilitation in the traumatic brain injury model systems of care. NeuroRehabilitation, 19:45-54.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Whyte J, Day SM, Yu YL (2001). Long-term causes of death after traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 80:510-516.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (2000). Comparative mortality of adults with traumatic brain injury in California, 1988-97. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 32:163-166.

Baguley I, Slewa-Younan S, Lazarus R, Green A (2000). Long-term mortality trends in patients with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 14:505-512.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, DeVivo MJ (1999). Life tables for people with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 31:104-105.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Anderson TW (1998). Long term survival of children and adolescents after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79:1095-1100.

Roberts AH (1979). Severe accidental head injury: An assessment of long-term prognosis. London: The Macmillan Press.

Spinal Cord Injury

Shavelle RM, DeVivo MJ, Brooks JC, Strauss DJ (2024). Update on the long-term survival of persons who are ventilator dependent after spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 47:459-460 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2022.2118489.

Shavelle R, DeVivo M, Savic G, Brooks J, Strauss D (2023). International comparison: Spinal cord injury in the USA and UK. NeuroRehabilitation, 53:595-598. doi: 10.3233/NRE-230153.

DeVivo MJ, Savic G, Frankel HL, Jamous MA, Soni BM, Charlifue S, Middleton JW, Walsh J (2018). Comparison of statistical methods for calculating life expectancy after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 56:666-673.

Noe BB, Stapelfeldt CM, Parner ET, Mikkelsen EM (2017). Survival after traumatic spinal cord injury in Denmark: A hospital-based study among patients injured in 1990-2012. Spinal Cord, 55:373-377.

Savic G, DeVivo MJ, Frankel HL, Jamous MA, Soni BM, Charlifue S (2017). Long-term survival after traumatic spinal cord injury: A 70-year British study. Spinal Cord, 55:651-658.

Shavelle RM, DeVivo MJ, Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Paculdo DR (2015). Improvements in long-term survival after spinal cord injury? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96:645-651.

Shavelle RM, Paculdo DR, Tran LM, Strauss DJ, Brooks JC, DeVivo MJ (2015). Mobility, continence, and life expectancy in persons with ASIA impairment scale grade D spinal cord injuries. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 94:180-191.

Shavelle R, Strauss D, Brooks J (2013). Discrepancies in the estimates of life expectancy after SCI. Spinal Cord, 51:937.

Middleton JW, Dayton A, Walsh A, Rutkowski SB, Leong G, Duong S (2012). Life expectancy after spinal cord injury: A 50-year study. Spinal Cord, 50:803-811.

Hutton JL, Watt JHW, Wiredu E (2012). Letter commenting on "Survival after short- or long-term ventilation after acute spinal cord injury: A single-centre 25-year retrospective study:, Spinal Cord, 50: 859-860.

Watt J, Wiredu E, Silva P, Meehan S (2011). Survival after short- or long-term ventilation after acute spinal cord injury: A single-centre 25-year retrospective study. Spinal Cord 49:404-410.

Strauss D, DeVivo M, Shavelle R, Brooks J, Paculdo D (2008). Economic factors and longevity in spinal cord injury: A reappraisal. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89:572-574.

DeVivo MJ (2007). Trends in spinal cord injury rehabilitation outcomes from model systems in the United States: 1973-2006. Spinal Cord, 45:713-721.

Shavelle RM, DeVivo MJ, Paculdo DR, Vogel LC, Strauss DJ (2007). Long-term survival after childhood spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 30:S48-S54.

Shavelle RM, DeVivo MJ, Strauss DJ, Paculdo DR, Lammertse DP, Day SM (2006). Long-term survival of persons ventilator dependent after spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 29:511-519.

Strauss DJ, DeVivo MJ, Paculdo DR, Shavelle RM (2006). Trends in life expectancy after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87:1079-1085.

O'Connor PJ (2005). Survival after spinal cord injury in Australia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86:37-47.

Strauss DJ, DeVivo M, Shavelle RM (2000). Long-term mortality risk after spinal cord injury. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 32:11-16.

DeVivo MJ, Krause JS, Lammertse DP (1999). Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80:1411-1419.

Coll JR, Frankel HL, Charlifue SW, Whiteneck GG (1998). Evaluating neurological group homogeneity in assessing the mortality risk for people with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord, 36:275-279.

Frankel HL, Coll JR, Charlifue SW, et al. (1998). Long-term survival in spinal cord injury: A fifty year investigation. Spinal Cord, 36:266-274.

Yeo JD, Walsh J, Rutkowski S, Soden R, Craven M, Middleton J (1998). Mortality following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 36:329-336.

McColl MA, Walker J, Stirling P, Wilkins R, Corey P (1997). Expectations of life and health among spinal cord injured adults. Spinal Cord, 35:818-828.

DeVivo MJ, Stover SL (1995). Long-term survival and causes of death. In: SL Stover, JA DeLisa, GG Whiteneck (Eds.), Spinal cord injury. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, pp.289-316. [The PDF link is to selected pages only. For the full chapter: click here.]

DeVivo MJ, Ivie SC (1995). Life expectancy of ventilator-dependent persons with spinal cord injuries. Chest, 108:226-232.

Autism

Picket JA, Paculdo DR, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (2006). 1998-2002 update on causes of death in autism [letter]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36:287-288.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Pickett J (2001). Causes of death in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31:569-576.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (1998). Comparative mortality of persons with Autism in California, 1980-1996. Journal Of Insurance Medicine, 30:220-225.

Down Syndrome

Health News letter, July 2009, by Drs. Day and Satge: Are persons with Down syndrome protected against some forms of cancer?

Satge D, Sasco AJ, Day SM, Culine S (2009). A lower risk of dying from urological cancer in Down Syndrome: Clue for cancer protecting genes on chromosome 21. Urol Int, 82:296-300, DOI: 10.1159/000209361.

Sasco AJ, Day SM, Voirin N, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Satge D (2008). Cancer mortality in Down syndrome in California. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 7:415-422.

Day SM, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Reynolds RJ (2005). Mortality and causes of death in persons with Down syndrome in California. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 47:171-176.

Singer RB, Strauss DJ (1997). Comparative mortality in mentally retarded patients in California, with and without Down's syndrome, 1986-1991. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 29:172-184.

Strauss DJ, Eyman RK (1996). Mortality of people with mental retardation in California with and without Down syndrome, 1986-1991. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 100:643-653.

Strauss DJ, Zigman WB (1996). Behavioral capabilities and mortality risk in adults with and without Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 101:269-281.

Comparative Mortality (Placement Of The Developmentally Disabled)

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Day SM (2005). Deinstitutionalization in California: Mortality of persons with developmental disabilities after transfer into community care, 1997-1999. Journal of Data Science, 3:371-380.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (1999). Mortality of persons with developmental disabilities after transfer into community care: A 1996 update. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 104:143-147.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (1998). What can we learn from the California mortality studies? Mental Retardation, 36:406-407.

Strauss DJ, Kastner TA and Shavelle RM (1998). Mortality of adults with developmental disabilities living in California institutions and community care, 1985-1994. Mental Retardation, 36:360-371.

Strauss DJ, Anderson T, Shavelle RM, Sheridan F, and Trenkle S (1998). Causes of death of persons with developmental disability placed from California institutions into community care. Mental Retardation, 36:386-391.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Baumeister AA, and Anderson R (1998). Mortality in persons with developmental disabilities after transfer into community care. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 102:569-581.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Anderson T, and Baumeister AA (1998). External causes of death among persons with mental retardation: The effect of residential placement. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147:855-862.

Strauss DJ and Shavelle RM (1997). Mortality of persons with mental retardation in institutions and in the community [Letter]. American Journal of Public Health, 87:1870-1871.

Strauss DJ, Kastner TA (1996). Comparative mortality of people with mental retardation in institutions and the community. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 101:26-40.

Strauss DJ, Eyman RK, Grossman HJ (1996). Predictors of mortality in children with severe mental retardation: the effect of placement. American Journal of Public Health, 86:1422-1429.

Epilepsy

Day SM, Wu YW, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Reynolds RJ (2005). Causes of death in remote symptomatic epilepsy. Neurology, 65:216-222.

Day S, Strauss D, Shavelle R, Wu YW (2003). Excess mortality in remote symptomatic epilepsy. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 35:15-20.

Strauss DJ, Day SM, Shavelle RM, Wu YW (2003). Remote symptomatic epilepsy: Does seizure severity increase mortality? Neurology, 60:395-399.

Liver Transplantation

Shavelle RM, Kwak JH, Brooks JC, Saur RC, Hameed B (2022). Life expectancy after liver transplantation: Compendium of results. Journal of Liver Transplantation, Volume 6, 100082.

Saur RC, Kwak JH, Shavelle RM, Brooks JC (2022). Life expectancy after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Journal of Liver Transplantation, Volume 6, 100069.

Shavelle RM, Kwak JH, Brooks JC, Saur RC (2022). Life expectancy after liver transplantation for acute hepatic necrosis. Journal of Liver Transplantation, Volume 6, 100066.

Shavelle RM, Kwak JH, Brooks JC, Saur RC (2022). Life expectancy after liver transplantation for metabolic disease: Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, wilson’s disease, or hemochromatosis. Journal of Liver Transplantation, Volume 5, 100062.

Shavelle RM, Saur RC, Kwak JH, Brooks JC, Hameed B (2021). Life expectancy after liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or hepatitis B cirrhosis. Journal of Liver Transplantation, Volume 5, 100052.

Shavelle RM, Saur RC, Kwak JH, Brooks JC, Hameed B (2022). Life expectancy after liver transplantation for NASH. Progress in Transplantation, 32:102-111.

Shavelle RM, Saur RC, Kwak JH, Brooks JC, Hameed B (2021). Life expectancy after liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis. Progress in Transplantation, 31:345-356.

Shavelle RM, Kwak JH, Saur RC, Brooks JC, Rosenthal P (2021). Life expectancy after liver transplantation for non-cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma. Progress in Transplantation, 31:117-125.

Kwak JH, Shavelle RM, Brooks JC (2021). Life expectancy after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis. Progress in Transplantation, 31:62-71.

Other Medical Conditions and Topics

Walz L, Brooks JC, Newman T (2023). Evidence Suggests a Decrease in the Incidence of Kernicterus in California, The Journal of Pediatrics, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.11.023. Online ahead of print.

Walz L, Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Robertson N, Harding KE (2022). Life expectancy in multiple sclerosis by EDSS score. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 104219.

Shavelle R, Brooks J, Strauss D, Towfighi A (2020). Long-term survival prognosis after stroke: A practical guide for clinicians. Practical Neurology, February 2020.

Shavelle RM, Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Turner-Stokes L (2019). Life expectancy after stroke based on age, sex, and Rankin grade of disability: A synthesis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 28(12), 104450.

Turner-Stokes L, Dzingina M, Shavelle R, Bill A, Williams H, Sephton K (2019). Estimated life-time savings in the cost of ongoing care following specialist rehabilitation for severe traumatic brain injury in the United Kingdom. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 34: 205-214.

Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Vavra-Musser KN (2018). Life expectancy in pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2018.08.005.

Shavelle RM, Vavra-Musser K, Lee J, Brooks J (2017). Life expectancy in pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma. Lung Cancer International, Volume 2017, Article ID 2782590, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2782590.

Shavelle RM, Sweeney LH, Brooks JC (2014). Comparative mortality of persons with intellectual disability in California: An update (2000-2010). Journal of Insurance Medicine, 44:158-163.

Shavelle RM (2013). Overestimation of life expectancy in CKD [letter]. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 62(2):395-396.

Shavelle RM, Paculdo DP (2012). The effect of exceptional parental longevity on life expectancy. Journal of the American Gerontological Society, 60:1185.

Shavelle RM, Mackenzie R, Paculdo DR (2012). Anemia and mortality in older persons: Does the type of anemia affect survival? Int J Hematol, 95:248-256. Epub 2012 Feb 21.

Shavelle RM, Delaney CS (2010). Evidence-based life expectancy and the physician. International Journal of Child Health and Human Development, 3:283-300.

Strauss DJ (2010). Evidence-based life expectancy [Commentary]. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 52:695.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (2009). Rating the raters: Evaluating the predictions from a life expectancy rating service. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 41:178-190. See also a shorter and less technical version.

Shavelle RM, Paculdo DR, Strauss DJ, Kush SJ (2009). Cognitive impairment and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 41:110-116.

Shavelle RM, Paculdo DR, Kush SJ, Mannino DM, Strauss DJ (2009). Life expectancy and years of life lost in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Findings from the NHANES III follow-up study. International Journal of COPD, 4:137-148.

Shavelle RM, Paculdo DR, Strauss DJ, Kush SJ (2008). Smoking habit and mortality: A meta-analysis. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 40:170-178.

Shavelle RM, Kush SJ, Paculdo DR, Strauss DJ, Day SM (2008). Underwriting the Presidents. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 40:120-123.

Oakeshott P, Hunt GM, Kerry S, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Reynolds RJ (2008). Survival and mobility in open spina bifida: Comparison of results from the United Stated and the United Kingdom. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 7:101-106.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Paculdo DR (2006). Computing exact excess death rates and mortality ratios from a mortality study with limited information on the age distribution. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 38:105-110. The associated Microsoft Excel workbook is available here.

Strauss DJ, Vachon PJ, Shavelle RM (2005). Estimation of future mortality rates and life expectancy in chronic medical conditions. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 37:20-34.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Day SD (2003). Comparative mortality of persons with mental retardation in California 1980-1999. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 35:5-8.

Rice LF, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (2000). Life expectancy and the birth-injured plaintifff. Forum (published by the Consumer Attorneys of California), November Issue, pages 6-9.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, DeVivo MJ, Day S (2000). An analytic method for longitudinal mortality studies. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 32:217-225.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (1998). Life expectancy of persons with chronic disabilities. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 30:96-108.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (1998). A long period multistate life table. Mathematical Population Studies, 7:161-177.

Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ (1998). Improved sample survey estimates using past values. Pakistan Journal of Statistics, 15:47-63.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (1998). An extended Kaplan-Meier estimator and its applications. Statistics in Medicine, 17:971-982.

Strauss DJ (1998). On Miettinen's multivariate confounder score. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51:233-236.

Strauss DJ, Kastner T, Ashwal S, White J (1997). Tubefeeding and mortality in children with severe disabilities and mental retardation. Pediatrics, 99:358-362.

Strauss DJ, Ashwal S, Shavelle RM, Eyman RK (1997). Prognosis for survival and improvement of children with developmental disabilities. Pediatrics, 131:712-717.

Eyman RK, Grossman HJ, Chaney RH, Call TL (1993). Survival of profoundly disabled people with severe mental retardation. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 147:329-336. See also our letter to the editor regarding the errors in this article.

Eyman RK, Grossman HJ, Chaney RH, Call TL (1990). The life expectancy of profoundly handicapped people with mental retardation. New England Journal of Medicine, 323:584-589. See also our correction of the life tables in this article.

Discounted Cost Of Future Care (Present Value Of Future Medicals)

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Pflaum C, Bruce C (2001). Discounting the cost of future care for persons with disabilities. Journal of Forensic Economics, 14:79-87.

Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Pflaum C, Bruce C (2000). Incorporating the effect of reduced life expectancy into awards for future costs of care. The Expert Witness, Winter 2000, volume 5, number 4. Also available on the Economica web site.

See also a short and non-technical discussion of the same issue: Discounting the cost of future care: Current methods overestimate the present value."

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